festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Her improved performance is an example of. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. /Type/Page To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". 59 0 obj The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. How do we explain this? The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. Add to folder Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). Social Psychology (Chapter 4) Flashcards | Quizlet ________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. Instead the opposite happened. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. (Goleman, 1991) in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. 112 Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? Results and Conclusions - Festinger-Carlsmith (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? PDF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE - University of Arizona The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. New York: Harper & Row. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted << show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. KING, B.T. This is most like which of the following techniques? In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. He did this for one-half hour. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. endobj Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). 4. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. <> They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. Dr. Nekita Fuller As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. 2. Intro to Social psy chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet <> One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. B. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). endstream endobj startxref The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). /Contents 58 0 R This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. Marco is using an example of. Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . Selena has just used the, Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as. To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. The hour which the S spent working on the repetitive, monotonous tasks was intended to provide, for each S uniformly, an experience about which he would have a somewhat negative opinion. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. His data, however did not support this idea. Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. Festinger, L. (1957). To achieve consonance, something has to give. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. DISCUSSION. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim Instead the opposite happened. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? Scott, W. A. Which of the following statements is TRUE? Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. June 22, 2015 Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? /ImageB Some have already been discussed. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. /Linearized 1.0 Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? Therefore the person's attitude changes. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. /H [ 658 210 ] Social Researcher. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. The S worked at this task for another half hour. He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? 50 0 obj This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. 2. Oct. 2011. 0000000658 00000 n In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high.

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